AN EXAMINATION OF THE EXTENT OF APPLICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) TO THE NIGERIAN MARITIME INDUSTRY

Abstract

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 provides the comprehensive legal framework governing the use, management and protection of the world’s oceans. As a coastal State with extensive maritime resources and strategic interests in the Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria has assumed significant obligations under the Convention. This paper examines the scope of Nigeria’s application of UNCLOS by evaluating its legal and institutional framework, the benefits derived from implementation, and the extent of its international obligations. The paper adopted a doctrinal research methodology, relying on treaties, legislation, judicial decisions, scholarly writings, and reports of international organisations. It finds that Nigeria has made substantial progress through legislative reforms, institutional development and improved maritime security, particularly in combating piracy and regulating offshore resources. However, persistent challenges, including marine pollution, illegal fishing, institutional fragmentation, inadequate funding, weak enforcement, and other threats, remain. The paper concludes that Nigeria’s application of UNCLOS, though substantial, still needs further compliance, as significant gaps remain between legislative commitments and practical implementation. It recommends strengthening institutional coordination, enhancing environmental protection, increasing investment in maritime infrastructure and scientific research, among others.